Zimbabwe

Q. 1. The expected income of the field. Locate the most dependable figure for this, tell where you acquired it and clarify why you think it is the most solid figure that you could get. Ans. 1. Zimbabwe began selling precious stones and earned more than ?1 billion by selling jewels (The Press Association). The warriors constrained individuals to work more enthusiastically. They likewise tormented them and their kids with vigorously furnished power. There is no official gauge for the income from selling stones and precious stones in that part yet an informal evaluated run is appearing ?1. billion from that field in Zimbabwe (The Press Association). The eastern alluvial jewel fields of precious stone evaluated to satisfy one-forward need of the all out interest of jewel over the world in 2006. They earned high income and benefit by exchanging precious stones into a few nations, similar to, Israel, India, Lebanon and Russia. The administration of Zimbabwe earned $20 million from the lawful offer of precious stones in 2008 (The Press Association). Yet, interestingly, the vast majority of the earned pay and income of mining precious stones is unlawful and it has no administrative or authority record. In the event that a Chinese mining organization needs to set up a lawful association with Zimbabwe government then it will accomplish extraordinary income with high benefit and development through mining precious stone in Marange which is a recently established jewel field in Zimbabwe. This specific field of precious stone is arranged in the eastern field which earned high income through jewel mining in Zimbabwe. To extend their exchange offices, they organized some private planes to bring purchasers from outside nations. The vast majority of the jewel fields in Zimbabwe are illicit and disseminating clashing precious stones to numerous nations. These illicit mining fields are expecting high benefit and in this way they constrained needy individuals to work more earnestly under the component of ‘Dig or Die’ (The Press Association). Needy individuals will undoubtedly work under the intensely equipped security monitor in these unlawful fields of precious stone. As per Abbey Chikane, the Kimberley Process screen for Zimbabwe, denoted the Marange Diamond field in Zimbabwe as a guaranteed precious stone field to send out clash free jewels to satisfy the need of jewel over the world (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). The human right association of Zimbabwe is fighting the precious stone mining however a few illicit jewel fields which are doing criminal operations through slaughtering numerous unfortunate men, assaulting ladies and tormenting kids to get difficult work from them. To take care of these issues, the legislature of Zimbabwe has gotten intense to set up legitimate precious stone mines to send out clash free jewels. Q. 2. Who controls the Mining Development Corporation? Do they have any current joint endeavor accomplices? Who in the Zimbabwean government will impact choices in regards to the venture? Ans. 2. Precious stone trading and providing business is at present constrained by the administration of Zimbabwe. Despite the fact that it is constrained by the administration, there is a nearness of amazing illicit precious stone fields in Zimbabwe and these fields are occupied with a few unlawful and non-moral exercises with the assistance of the outfitted police and security monitor power of Zimbabwe. The nearness of political fight and high pace of debasement in the Zimbabwean financial, political and social climates guided the administration to a misguided course. Being the Zimbabwe screen of the world precious stone control body, Abbey Chikane, likewise expressed that the jewels are prepared available to be purchased in the global market to give least worldwide standard of precious stone (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). As indicated by the speculators, the mining of precious stone in Marange was directed through utilization of virtual slaves heavily influenced by outfitted fighters in 2008 (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). In this manner, this field isn't working lawfully or the administration might be not genuine about truth of precious stone mining in Zimbabwe. The Kimberley Process is a global observing body to control strife free jewel flexibly from guaranteed precious stone fields under administrative standards and guidelines. Mr. Chikane declared that Zimbabwe can begin exchanging the Marange jewels under appropriate direction of the administration of Zimbabwe. As indicated by him, the Zimbabwe government has found a way to control lawful jewel fields and to expel unlawful wellsprings of precious stone. The Kimberley Process didn't consider the reality of making strides against governments which damaged the principles of the human-rights association in Zimbabwe in precious stone mining. The Kimberley group examined that the intensely equipped security powers executed numerous individuals, assaulted ladies who were unlawfully mining in the Marange fields in July, 2008 (Mutsaka, Wonacott and Childress, 2010). Yet, the authorities denied these charges against them and the administration and they told that the security monitors were there to offer insurance to the legislative piece of the Marange precious stone fields in Zimbabwe. The Kimberley individuals confined deals of precious stones by the Marange jewel fields as they were providing non-guaranteed stones in the universal market with appropriate declarations. This assisted with getting accreditation for the jewel fields in Zimbabwe. It likewise permitted trading a few other lawful precious stone fields into the outside market. Zimbabwe's legislature earned $20 million from the legitimate fields of precious stones in 2008 (The Press Association). There are some political clashes in Zimbabwe in the issue of precious stone trading and mining from lawful and unlawful jewel fields of the nation. After the political decision in Zimbabwe in 2008, the circumstance in Marange precious stone field has become especially worry about their adequacy of the Kimberley Process. A top individual from the World Diamond Council, Martin Rapaport ruled from the Kimberley Process to challenge their action and controlling component of the procedure. Human rights associations in Zimbabwe are currently become especially worry about the fare of precious stone in the universal market in the wake of getting the green sign to restart the offer of jewels from the Marange precious stone fields, where vigorously furnished troopers conveyed by the President Robert Mugabe have been charged for leading criminal operations (Peta, 2010). The Zimbabwean government examined that in excess of 4 million carats of precious stones were established from the questionable fields of the Zimbabwean jewel fields. Marange was one of them. The evaluated estimation of the absolute offer of precious stones will be around $1. 7bn as per the Zimbabwe's 2010 financial plan and that will be a lot of accommodating to give a lift to the monetary state of Zimbabwe (Peta, 2010). Speculation from the outside financial specialists is constantly energized the mining improvement organization of Zimbabwe. To satisfy the worldwide need of precious stone, they are steadily growing their universal business through lawful fare of contention free jewels of confirmed precious stone fields of Zimbabwe. To expand their income, the legislature of Zimbabwe is a lot of intrigued to consolidate numerous outside financial specialists over the world. The chief of the Center for Research and Development which is a Zimbabwean human-rights association was following the activities in Marange precious stone field in Zimbabwe (Peta, 2010). As indicated by them toward the finish of 2008, there was no improvement in the state of the human rights in the Marange precious stone field. Mr. Maguwu, the executive of the innovative work community, additionally demonstrated how jewels from the Marange Diamond field were being carried out from Zimbabwe to Mozambique and it turned into a beneficial technique for the warriors of Zimbabwe through illicit precious stone fare to other remote nations (Peta, 2010). The Zimbabwe government constrained the African Consolidated Resources to reclaim their cases against the legislature and their authorities in the issue of precious stone gracefully and fare from the Marange jewel field in Zimbabwe toward the finish of 2006. The high court of Zimbabwe concluded that all jewel mines should hand over their capacity of illicit precious stone fare to the national bank of Zimbabwe and those mines could get back their capacity in the wake of settling the debate in 2008 (Peta, 2010). In this way, after the political and social fight in Zimbabwean jewel fields, it has gotten compulsory to get confirmed by the administration, the precious stone innovative work place and furthermore by the human rights association of Zimbabwe. Game Theory: Q. 3. Game hypothesis is extremely helpful in arranging system. Your firm, on the off chance that it concludes that it is a wise venture, needs to win the rights to build up the mine. Clarify how you can utilize game hypothesis to plot a triumphant procedure. Ans. 3. In the event that the Chinese firm concludes that it will be a wise venture and furthermore needs to win the rights to build up the jewel mines in Zimbabwe, at that point they ought to follow a vital arrangement with game hypothesis application. The firm can put resources into the Marange precious stone field through legitimate agreement of association with the mining organization. They ought to know about the way that there are no criminal operations in the mining field against the human rights association in Zimbabwe. The administration of Zimbabwe ought to follow morals of the social and political viewpoints on account of precious stone mining from various legitimate fields of jewel. As indicated by the ideal arrangement of the round of this instance of advancement in the field of precious stones, the best and appropriate result will be the blend of the venture of the Chinese firm and the interest in the lawful fields of guaranteed jewels in Zimbabwe. The speculation of the Chinese firm will be progressively gainful if the firm can put into a lawful field of precious stones, as opposed to venture into an unlawful field of jewels. There are some different elements related with social, moral and lawful points of view of the nation on account of precious stone mining. These perspectives ought to be profoundly worried by the Chinese organization who is a lot of intrigued to get with some Zimbabwean min

Margaret Thatcher Leadership free essay sample

When known as the most disliked lady in Britain, Margaret Thatcher resuscitated a country that was in a condition of disorder. She was the primary lady chose Prime Minister of the nation and the main in the twentieth century to serve three back to back terms which was the longest since 1827. Through her uncommon vision she delivered radical changes, in her nation as well as around the world. She had a significant and lasting effect on legislative issues and even changed her own Conservative Parties viewpoint. Through testing all thoughts that were ordinary, she set an impetus development for the finish of the twentieth century. Her earth shattering perspectives on monetarism and privatization showed into one of Britains greatest commitments to political financial aspects on the planet. Changing an old communist society would demonstrate no simple accomplishment for this revolutionist, however through a special unforeseen development a pioneer rises. She was likewise the most disruptive PM of the century, gaining both extraordinary love yet additionally profound disdain from the separated open, especially for her treatment of worker's organizations. At the point when a youthful Denis Thatcher asked a splendid and clever young lady to wed him, she made it extremely evident that she was an altogether different lady than most. The future Prime Minister of England had concluded that she was not going to carry on with an actual existence through her better half. She was resolved to have any kind of effect on the planet, and that she did. Margaret Thatcher was the main female Prime Minister of Great Britain, known for her hard-edged authority style and her inflexible political perspectives. The Iron Lady (2011) is a film that investigates the pioneer in present time experiencing mature age dementia and, through flashbacks, investigates the idea of her capacity and its effect on self as well as other people. This film restored enthusiasm for Thatcher and goes about as an extraordinary premise to assess her authority styles and the viability of her initiative. Early Life of Margaret Thatcher: Margaret Thatcher was conceived on October thirteenth 1925 in Grantham to Alfred Roberts, who was a merchant, lay evangelist and nearby civic chairman. She built up an early enthusiasm for governmental issues and, when considering science at Oxford, became leader of the Oxford Conservative Association (the Conservative being one of Britain’s fundamental ideological groups). She graduated in 1946 and labored for a long time as an exploration scientific expert, yet she contemplated law when not in work and turned into a lawyer in 1954. In 1951 she wedded Denis Thatcher, having two twin kids by him. Early Political Life: Thatcher previously represented Parliament in 1950, however won her first political race in 1959, winning the seat of Finchley in London, which she held until she resigned in 1992. She rose inside the positions of the Conservative Party, holding an assortment of positions, and entered the Shadow Cabinet in 1967. In 1970 she turned into the Minister for Education, pushing an expansion in spending on training and the formation of increasingly far reaching schools, yet she rose to open conspicuousness in the wake of dropping a program giving free milk to grade younger students which prompted the epithet Thatcher the Milk Snatcher. Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister: At the point when Conservative Party pioneer Edward Heath lost two General Elections in 1974, Margaret Thatcher turned into the main bureau serve arranged to challenge him for the authority of the gathering; she was in handy terms the competitor of offended conservative MPs. She won, shockingly, by 130 votes to 119, however she just increased one vote from her Shadow Cabinet associates. She drove the gathering in restriction and afterward in the 1979 decisions, winning to a great extent in light of the fact that the resistance was so isolated and disliked, and as a result of a progression of significant strikes the winter previously; hers was the most reduced edge of triumph since 1922. Margaret Thatchers First Term: Britain’s economy in 1979 was in a poor state, and Thatcher’s first term in office saw her and her chancellor embrace a financial hypothesis known as Monetarism, while stripping endlessly government guidelines on business and endowments. Numerous wasteful organizations bombed therefore, prompting an ascent in joblessness and expansion multiplied. This she countered with an ascent in charges and an adjustment in the cash gracefully, bringing both a sharp fall in swelling and resistance from business analysts and the general population. The Falklands War and a Second Victory: At this point the Thatcher government was profoundly disliked. At that point, Argentina attacked the Falklands, a British island in the southern half of the globe. The resulting Falklands War, which Thatcher ran triumphantly with extraordinary devoted intensity, helped the prominence of her administration colossally, driving, alongside profound division among the Labor Party (the fundamental political restriction), to the Conservatives winning a vast dominant part at the General Election in 1983. Thatcherism: the Policies and Style of Margaret Thatcher: Pundits have blamed Margaret Thatcher for without a brought together arrangement of strategies for quite a bit of her standard, yet a lot of practices and beliefs have gotten related to both her and her administration: these are known as Thatcherism. The Thatcher government set about privatizing a large portion of the businesses run by the legislature, including water, power and the trains, auctioning them off generally efficiently to new privately owned businesses. She additionally braced down vigorously on worker's organizations, passing laws intended to control strikes, shut shops and compassion strikes. One of the critical occasions of her legislature happened in 1984: the Miners Strike. Britain’s excavators fought the administration conclusion of â€Å"uneconomic† pits. Thatcher composed Britain around the striking diggers and constrained them once again into work without any concessions. Different parts of Thatcherism included selling chamber houses to occupants, decreasing social assistance costs, restrains on print cash and an abhorrence of developing European federalism. She likewise brought down assessments. A wild, confrontational methodology, a solid independence and different parts of her own style turned out to be firmly related to her governmental issues. The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher and the Cold War: Forging a cozy relationship with US President Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher communicated a solid enemy of socialism and depicted the USSR as an underhanded which ought to be contradicted; she has been reprimanded for immovably keeping the Cold War alive by this methodology until Gorbachev showed up in Russia to end it. Be that as it may, she got Gorbachev energetically. A 1976 discourse from before she became Prime Minister, in which she entirely denounced socialism, earned her the epithet The Iron Lady in the Soviet media, and the west before long embraced it. Third Office and Defeat: In 1984 Margaret Thatcher barely endure the IRA besieging of an inn in Brighton, some portion of a bigger battle by the IRA for an assembled and free Ireland which was, thusly, some portion of the bigger political distress and brutality over British controlled Northern Ireland. The shelling earned her some compassion from the British open; in reality, her subsequent term had unequivocally captivated the UK, and her triumph in the General Election of 1987 uncovered a country profoundly partitioned, with basically no Tory support in downtowns. Her third term was set apart by two boss contact focuses: a solid resistance to European Union, which isolated her gathering, and the Community Charge, also called the Poll Tax, which was so disliked it caused revolts in the avenues. With the financial circumstance declining in 89-90 †there was downturn and high joblessness and Thatcher subverted by the survey charge, there were questions inside the gathering whether Thatcher could win a fourth political race. An all the more master European individual from the Conservative Party called Michael Heseltine tested Thatcher for authority of the gathering. Thatcher won a larger number of votes than Heseltine, however was four votes shy of altogether triumph and was pressurized by the gathering into leaving. In 1992 she left her parliamentary seat and became Baroness of Kestevan, having a spot in the House of Lords, just as talking freely round the world. Her impact was felt for quite a while a short time later, regularly to the dissatisfaction of her replacements. In 1995 she turned into an individual from the Order of the Garter. A progression of minor strokes made her resign from open talking in 2002, and she kicked the bucket in 2013 at 87 years old from a stroke. Initiative Styles â€Å"The just meaning of a pioneer is somebody who has followers† Drucker (1998 refered to in Edwin 2006 p. 340) Margaret Thatcher showed certain character attributes in her political persona, for example, forcefulness self-assurance, predominance practicality aspiration and a solid good conviction of how things ought to be. Klenke (1996) Trait Theory and Directive Leadership People who have been marked as incredible or successful pioneers have altogether different characteristics. (Doyle and Smith, 2011) Margaret Thatcher exhibited a capacity to explore a vicious universe of British legislative issues. (Swim, 2002) According to Doyle and Smith (2011) Directive initiative is portrayed by pioneers taking choices for other people and anticipating that supporters or subordinates should adhere to guidelines. In correlation the previous Tory Cabinet serve Jonathan Aitken expressed MT’s relationship with her associates never included her applying control over the bureau. (Morton, 2012) Margaret Thatcher has said; â€Å"I shant be pulling the switches there however I will be an awesome secondary lounge driver†. (igreens. organization, 2006)

Nostalgia

A Universal Feeling what number occasions have you thought back on a specific memory and It nearly felt Like you were there once more? You could smell, see, and even taste that precise second. These recollections are constantly activated by something, however you are not so much sure what. You are overwhelmed with a yearning for that second in time and the memory is affectionate to such an extent that you can't resist the urge to feeling warm inside. Wistfulness is the nostalgic aching felt while thinking back on the past.It isn't an inclination of sadness however to a greater extent a mixed nostalgia for what used to be. Wistfulness has been generally used to depict numerous documentations however has Just as of late been altered to portray a positive encounter. The word wistfulness was first instituted in the seventeenth century. The term was utilized to depict the ailments of Swiss soldiers of fortune who yearned to get back. Wistfulness before long turned into a name for an ailme nt who's side effects included swooning, high fever, stomach torment, and even death.By the late nineteenth century sentimentality was disposed of as an ailment and perceived as a type of depression and an intellectually oppressive turmoil. Presently sentimentality has a positive importance. It Is named the term to portray the specific inclination felt when considering past recollections. Wistfulness has a beneficial outcome on a person. The Oxford English Dictionary characterizes wistfulness as nostalgic aching for a time of the past. Merriam-Webster Dictionary says is it delight and misery that is brought about by recalling something from an earlier time and wishing that you could encounter it again.The most normal equivalents utilized when alluding to wistfulness are nostalgia and longing. The significant things about these definitions are the positive tones they all have. Numerous individuals have encountered wistfulness sooner or later in their life, regardless of whether that be a gesture memory from adolescence or a solid sentiment of yearning to go home. A significant number of these cheerful recollections considerably trigger an euphoric inclination that returns you to that specific spot or time. These general sentiments give a feeling of solace when life gets difficult.Young grown-ups find that thinking back on past recollections has helped them easily progress into significant life changes, for example, moving endlessly from home. Wistfulness has been demonstrated to balance fatigue, tension, and even forlornness. At the point when things are particularly troublesome in various parts of my life I find that I start to feel desolate. Dejection has consistently been an awful inclination to adapt to on the grounds that there is nothing more powerless than feeling like you don't have anybody. With that dejection I begin to scrutinize the congruity of my life.Why am I not companions with that individual any longer? What am I expected to do with my life? N ow in my life everything Is changing and there is certainly not a steady thing that attaches me to reality with the exception of my recollections. When that I feel nervousness or depression I generally think about a specific memory that takes me back to a more joyful time. The memory Is consistently the equivalent, yet I can feel It better than I recall It. I recall the manner in which the caution feels a room window and seeing how the sun isn't exactly as high as it ordinarily is.I recollect the specific smell of the cinnamon light that my mother begins consuming each fall. This memory has no real noteworthiness yet by one way or another it disposes of all the forlornness I feel and causes me to feel coherence and positive thinking. Sentimentality itself doesn't include any sentiments of despondency. The exacting demonstration of sentimentality is to review a memory that is affectionate to you somehow or another. The reason for recalling past recollections is to relate them to now to give the feeling of nothing worth mentioning that you have to keep up a consoling equalization when life changes..The experience of sentimentality is certain; the repercussions isn't. Wistfulness is regularly mistaken for upsetting sentiments in light of the aching that happens when recalling an incredible encounter from quite a while ago. In any case, that yearning isn't a general terrible feeling it is only a token of all the positive things that used to be. The term sentimentality has made considerable progress since it days of a real ailment to its portrayal of a positive feeling. Remember that sentimentality isn't just barely a positive feeling however a positive encounter.

What Investment Entails Concerning Future Share Period Returns Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Investment entails some degree of uncertainty concerning future share period returns. In financial perspective risk is a synonym for uncertainty while return signify the totality of gain or loss on an investment. Risk in investment cannot be eliminated but can be managed through number of strategies such as diversification, asset allocation etc. This study was conducted to help Sandra (widow) manage her inherited portfolio by explaining to her on how reduce the risk level of her portfolio and risk-return tradeoffs. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK AND RETURN Risk is the possibility of suffering a financial loss due to vagueness in terms of Macroeconomic fluctuations, asset-specific unexpected developments, and changing fortunes of various industries (Bodie et.al 2007). While return is the overall gain or loss on an asset. Risk and return cannot be separated from one another in an investment as the required return depends on the risk of the investment (Stephen A. Ross et.al 2008). Companies Utility Company High-Tech Company Counter Cyclical Company Return 9.70% 10.0% 5.0% Risk 2.65% 21.91% 12.07% In the table above, it is clearly illustrated that High-Tech Company has higher risk and return compared to Utility Company and Counter Cyclical Company while Counter Cyclical Company has higher risk and return compared to Utility Company. That is, the greater the risk, the greater the return and vice versa as clearly depicted in appendix A. BETA AND ITS RELEVANCE TO REQUIRED RETURN ON STOCKS In view of the fact that risk are related to return in an investment and that some risk (Unsystematic) can be eliminated by diversification, therefore such risk cannot be rewarded since it s borne unnecessarily. The expected return on an investment depends only on that stock systematic risk. Beta assesses how volatile an asset is in relation to the general market (Elton and Gruber, 1991) i.e. it assess a risk that arises from the relationship between th e return on an asset and the return on the market. It also measures the systematic risk and doesn t change no matter the economic situation. In appendix B the composite index was chosen to calculate for beta instead of index fund because it is associated with a higher expected return of 18.7% and less risk of 4.96% compared to Index fund which has an expected return of 8.40% and risk of 10.72% as illustrated in appendix A. The higher the required return and expected return the Higher the beta (risk). Stock Beta Required Return Expected Return Utility Company 0.529 12.24% 9.70% High T Company 4.043 60.39% 10.00% C.C Company -2.109 -23.89% 5.09% Diversification and Its Importance to Investment The simple fact that an asset is associated with diverse degrees of expected risk leads most investors to the notion of holding more than one security at a time. According to Fischer and Jordan ((1999)), endeavour to reduce and spread risk take the form of diversification. Dive rsifying investment means spreading risk across variety of asset classes i.e. investment. Investors invest their money in firms of dissimilar industries to avoid the risk of losing their portfolio because no matter the situation of the economy, some investment will do well. Diversification of one s investment is anticipated to lessen risk in an economy wherein each asset s returns lies on some degree of uncertainty. In appendix B we can see the difference between the risks of holding a single asset compared to holding of diversified portfolio. Company Utility Company High-Tech Company 50-50 Portfolio Expected Return 9.70% 10.00% 9.85% Standard Deviation 2.65% 21.91% 12.19% From the scenario sited above, Investment in 50-50 portfolio shows higher returns compared Utility Company and reduces risk compared to High-Tech Company. Therefore investment in portfolio asset generates higher return in asset and reduces risk compared to individual stocks. VALUATION OoF STOCK Investors in the financial market use to calculate intrinsic or intrinsic value of stocks and companies due to uncertainty in order to predict potential market prices. Stocks are either judged overvalued or undervalued. Undervalued stocks are considered good as there is expectation for return while there is no expectation for return on overvalued stocks. Security Market Line is a line on graph that illustrates the relationship between risk as measured by Beta and the required rate of return for individual securities (Brigham and Houston, 1998). The line changes over time due to changes in investor s aversion to risk, interest rates and individual company Betas. Results in the SML are graphed using the Capital Asset Pricing Model formula. Stocks plotted below the security Market line are overvalued while the ones plotted above the security market line are undervalued. The graph below shows the relationship between the risk and return using the SML line. The X-axis represents the risk (Beta) while the Y-axis represents the expected return. The slope of the SML reflects degree of the aversion in the economy. Stocks in Counter Cyclical Company are undervalued while stocks in High-tech Company are overvalued. Therefore, the greater the average investor s aversion to risk the steeper the slope of the line and the higher the required rate of return on all stocks. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTEREST RATE AND VALUE OF STOCK Interest rate and stock exchange are two key factors of economic development of a country. Interest rate is one of the vital economic variables which are related directly to economic growth. It is regarded as cost of capital i.e. the cost paid for the use of money over a period of time. Good investors always search for investment in a proficient market in order to be able to make extra ordinary profit .If interest rate paid to depositors increased by banks people switch from stock market to fixed deposit. In the other hand if interest rate paid to depositors decreased by banks, people switch from fixed deposit to share markets. That is, demand for stock increases when interest rate is low and vice versa. STOCK AND FIXED INCOME SECURITIES Despite the fact that the risk associated with fixed income security are low compared to stock investment, the aim of every investor is to acquire the highest possible return in an investment. Market risk and interest rate greatly affects fixed income as it is coupled with continual change (Brealey et. al, 2009). Also the opportunity cost investing fully in stock may be high as in most cases does not make high returns compared to stock market. An investor should diversify its investment in order to eliminate the unsystematic risk and also try to invest some of its funds in fixed income when there is a rise in interest rate so as to be able to get the maximum return obtainable. HOT TIPS REGARDING UNDERVALUED STOCKS Undervalued stock as mentioned above is the type of security wh ich has the possibility of getting high returns in the future. The real money is in finding a truly undervalued stock. Investors when trying to buy undervalued stock should check on the stock s price earnings ratio, cheaper securities really have lower price earnings ratio (Levi, 1996). The lesser the price earnings ratio the more attractive the security. Secondly, assessment of debt to equity ratio should be carried out. Companies with higher equities compared to their debt stand the chance of excelling in terms of any hardship arousal. Thirdly, search for companies which have unfailing growth quarter after quarter in order to identify any reason for bad performance. Fourthly, build your stock screener on any financial website to be able to plug in ranges of variables such as price parameters, sector parameters etc so as to get a list of stock in which you will identify the hottest undervalued stock. Lastly and most importantly, look for undervalued stock with decent dividends in o rder to be paid while waiting for rise of undervalued stock. EXPECTED RETURN AND RISK ON 50-50 PORTFOLIO Portfolio of asset compared to single asset is subject to low level of risk. Therefore if combination of 50-50 portfolio asset in high-tech Company and counter-cyclical company was undertaken there will be lower rate of risk compared to fully investing in one of them. Company High-Tech Counter-Cyclical 50-50 portfolio Return 10.00% 4.09% 7.55% Risk 4.0431 -2.1089 0.9670866 The table above clearly illustrate the relationship between risk and return in the three companies. Investment in 50-50 portfolio will generate higher returns compared to Counter-Cyclical Company and lower risk compared to High-Tech Company. Since the investor do not need to bear more risk and its aim is to get the most obtainable return, investment in 50-50 will stand more feasible. Refer to appendix C for calculation. EXPECTED RETURN AND RISK ON 70-30 PORTFOLIO Although portfolio of as set reduces risk on an investor s asset, an investor should try to choose among the best possible combination in order to get the most obtainable return with less rate of risk (Bodie and Merton, 2000) Company High-Tech Index-Fund 70-30 Portfolio Return 10.00% 8.40% 9.52% Risk 21.91% 10.72% 18.54% The table above illustrate the level of risk and return of 70-30 portfolio of High-Tech Company and index-fund. The risk in the portfolio is too high compared to index fund and doesn t have high expected return compared to High-Tech. Since the potential investor s status in life does not need to bear much risk, this portfolio combination does not seem to be feasible. Refer to appendix D for calculations. POSSIBLE PORTFOLIO COMBINATION Based on the calculations undertaken in the appendix C and D, the most favourable combination which will generate the most possible achievable return alongside with less rate of risk is 50-50 portfolio of High-tech and Counter-Cyclical Com pany. This combination has less expected return compared to 70-30 portfolio but is coupled with low rate of risk which suites the investors status in life. CONCLUSION Investment requires the commitment of a sum of money in order for profit to be received in the future. Since risk cannot be eliminated from investment and that risk can only be reduced, the best possible way for reducing risk in an investment is through diversification. The hot tips regarding undervalued stock were clearly stated so as to help Sandra in making investment. Calculations of possible portfolio combination were calculated and the researcher came to a conclusion of choosing 50-50 portfolio of High-tech and Counter cyclical Company because it has low rate of risk and a good rate of return which suites the investors status in life.

Essay on Thomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory - 982 Words

In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes lays out the hypothetical principal of the state of nature, where human it-self is artificial. It is human nature that people will not be able to love permanently, everyone against everyone power between the strongest. In this nation-state you must be the strongest in order to survive (survival of the fittest). In order to survive there are laws we must follow, to insure of our security because of fear. We were able to suppress our fear, by creating order, to have more order; we must have security, so the social contract appeared. Thomas Hobbes implies to the idea of social contract to resolve the problem of war and disorder. If social contract were not created, there would be no law. If there’s no law, the†¦show more content†¦The only thing that kept us moving is our desire. Thomas Hobbes implies, â€Å"The cause of whereof is that the object of man’s desire is not to enjoy once only, and for instant of time, but to assure forever the way of his future desire.† ( pp,57) We must insure that we can satisfy our desire today, tomorrow and the day after that. The desire attained does not satisfy our hunger. Humans are like scavengers wanting more and more power. By achieving such desire, we are securing the power to live well. To make sure to secure this power, we must be able to do something about it and allow the power to grow. Sometimes we might want to achieve the same desire. Hobbes input the hypothetical idea, â€Å"From this equality of ability ariseth equality of hope in the attaining of our ends. And therefore, if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 75) In this condition everyone is against everyone. In order to survive, we must compete. There is no security to any of the men. Everyone wants the same thing, there’s competition which turn into war. Hobbes applies to his theory that, â€Å" And consequently it is a precept, or general rule, of reason that every man ought to endeavor peace, as far as he hope of obtaining it, and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all advantages of war.† ( pg 80) If we cannot seek peace and follow it, the only thing left for us to do is to defend ourselves. It’s like predatorShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes2009 Words   |  9 Pag esSocial contract theory, nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that person s moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. The Social Contract is largely associated with modern moral and political theory, and is given its first full exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes in his piece, Leviathan. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this influential theoryRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract Theory1088 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution has been kept the same. The Leviathan, Two Treatises, and the Declaration of Independence serve as underpinnings of the Constitution to keep and protect our freedoms. Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan in the early 1640 s. Hobbes Leviathan played a part of social contract theory. The social contract theory is a voluntary agreement among individuals that which organized society is brought it into being and invested with the right to secure a mutual protection and welfare to regulate theRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract597 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosopher, Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract for a clear understanding of the issues. 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Internationalization Process is Crucial for Economic Development

Question: Describe about the term for Internationalization Process is Crucial for Economic Development? Answer: Introduction Primary theme for writing this diary is to evaluate success of UK economy in attracting FDI in the market. This paper aims to evaluate the way UK government, policies and system promote industrial growth and development. Reason for selecting this topic for analysis is raising importance of FDI in the market, as studying FDI facilitates in evaluating economic success of a region, increasing FDI helps in market growth, money inflow, and societal development, job opportunities, increasing income and GDP. Studying FDI scenario of UK will also facilitate in understanding the degree of foreign equity in the region, degree to which operational restrictions are maintained, it also facilitate in evaluating the degree of equality and investment opportunity in the market. Therefore writing on this topic will help in understanding how strong are investment roots of UK? Apart from this it will also help in understanding the concept better, its advantages, disadvantages, it will help in remaining focus to one particular strategy of internationalization and collecting in-depth knowledge on the same. There are different types of strategies that organizations might opt to enter into new market; further selection depends on several environmental and internal factors. For instance, regulatory system of a nation also impact international entry within region. Apart from this, economic opportunities, social segment, culture, currency strength, company position in the market, industry, size, financial position also impact final decision. Among several method of market entry, FDI is one of the most renowned and accepted mode by investors. According to IMF explanation to FDI, it can be defined as an investment process that aims towards long term achievement and development from the residents of country but residing in other country. This is a cross border investment method in which minimum of ten percent stakes is owned by any person or organization from another nation. FDI investment helps a country in several ways; it is win-win type investment method if implemented properly with adequa te regulatory system. There are different types of FDI investments that can be done a company, it include horizontal FDI, Vertical FDI and Platform FDI. FDI investment are managed, planned and controlled by government of a nation, however the degree of control varies from region to region. This analysis will be presented in four parts of a dairy, plan is to present four parts in such a coherent manner that all of them help in preparing a concrete paper that can be used by readers to extract valuable information on FDI in UK and its development. First part will include analysis on the role of FDI in stimulating growth and productivity in UK market, this analysis will help in understanding the benefits of FDI in UK market, the way this tool helped in its development. Second part of dairy will include information on determinants of FDI, it aims to understand the way London has become a crucial determinant of location for FDI, how there is rising investment in one particular region and why is it happening, it will help government in planning FDI investments and regulations in more better forms so that benefit can be taken by all regions in UK. Third part of the dairy aims to evaluate determinants of FDI in UK region, this article is aimed towards evaluating problems and ba rriers in FDI market UK, reasons for present problem in the market, why there is still problem in investing in UK, who are facing this problem and why etc. will be answered with the help of article mentioned in third dairy. Finally the fourth dairy aims to present a comprehensive framework to ensure better success in UK market through FDI, strategies that can be adopted by government to ensure higher FDI inflows in UK market; therefore the fourth selected article is primarily based on recommendation platform for UK government. Studying FDI helps in understanding the capital inflow growth rate in the region, this form of investment facilitates in economy during financial crisis, it is a stable form of investment in comparison to other forms such as debt flow, portfolio equity etc. FDI facilitates economy in its growth without giving whole authority to international player; it helps in better exchange of information, technology and resources by ensuring benefits for both the parties involved in the process. This tool is being used by MNCS as a strategic tool for business development. Diary Entry 1 How FDI contributed in growth of UK economy Date of Input 8th March, 2016 Reference of the source (Harvard style) Harris, Moffat, Richard, John , 2013. The Direct Contribution of FDI to Productivity Growth in Britain, 19972008. The World Economy, [Online]. 36/6, 713-736. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/twec.12059/abstract [Accessed 08 March 2016]. www.deloitte.co.uk/. 2016. Foreign direct investment in UK. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.deloitte.co.uk/investingintheuk/pdfs/india/uk_investingintheuk_in_twoforeigndirectinvestmentintheuk.pdf. [Accessed 08 March 16]. Discussion of the content of the articles There are two articles refereed to prepare content for the first dairy. The first article written by Harris and Moffatt focuses on evaluating the contribution made by FDI in improving growth and productivity in UK market. It include information on productivity, industrial restructuring and its impact, role of foreign owned firms in Britain, here data has been collected for TFP of all plants in Britain from year 1998 to 2007 analysis was done using Cobb-Douglas log-linear production function. Major findings of the paper states that foreign owned industries and plants contribute relatively more to productivity growth in comparison to UK owned plants in the region. In-depth analysis shows that large portion of contributions are made by firms that were UK owned in year 1997 but later owned by foreign player by 2007. Companies were improving their productivity not by improving production system at their present plant rather they were more focused towards opening of new high productivity p lant in UK. Another article is a research report made by Deloitte Research Company, this paper is very simple and clear, it aims to discuss present scenario of FDI in UK market, which is essential to build structure for an idea. It includes sector wise analysis on which all industries have made contribution through FDI and how much, also primary regulations for market entry through FDI policy in UK. This article will help in understanding true picture of FDI in UK market and areas that needs development. In UK software industry is a major contributor, followed by advance engineering and many other industries. Critical review of the content of the articles using academic sources Selected two articles for first dairy helped in preparing a rough idea about present level of FDI in UK market. With the help of data present in the second article, it is clear that UK provides a free and liberal market for foreign investment that laid enormous market opportunities. There are very low barriers or restrictions imposed on several industries. According to data given on government websites of UK, there was increase of FDI inflow by 9 percent in the year 2014, it also crossed total value of 1 trillion. UK is the third largest FDI market globally after US and China. In the year 2014 UK received 909 FDI investment projects, it is the largest attractor of investment in Europe market with 28 percent contribution made in the year 2014. It is expected that UK market will perform strongly in FDI segment. In the year 214, there was reduction in global FDI and even in European market but there was 50 percent increase in FDI inflow in UK. According to another article foreign firms contributes higher productivity as to ensure better return on their cost investment, they also possess characteristics that help them in getting cost advantage, it include better production, marketing, specialized knowledge, technological advancement etc. It also highlights areas of difficulty faced during implementation such as miscommunication between management and labour due to cultural differences. This paper analyses change in total factor production contribution by FDI firms in UK, in terms of size, industry and location also. Initially it was found that UK based firms were making large contribution, however they were larger in size also, further analysis breaks firms into equal sizes which states FDI owned firms made relatively higher percentage of contribution. In terms of industry foreign owned firms contribute larger in manufacturing industry in comparison to service. Countrywide analysis shows higher contributions made by French owned firms, followed by German owned, Dutch owned firms, however Japanese owned firms were performing bad in FDI market. However, present analysis on Data shows that USA is the biggest FDI contributor in UK with 41.5 percent, followed by Netherland, France, Germany and Spain. Diary Entry 2 Determinants impacting FDI inflow in UK Date of Input 8th March, 2016 Reference of the source (Harvard style) Hilla, Mundaya , Stephen, Max , 1992. The UK Regional Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment: Analysis and Determinants. Regional Studies, 26/2, 535-544. Dimitropouloua, McCannb, P. Burke, Dimitra, Philip, Simon , 2012. The determinants of the location of foreign direct investment in UK regions. Applied Economics, 45/27, 3853-3862. Cavallaria, d'Addonab, Lilia, Stefano , 2013. Nominal and real volatility as determinants of FDI. Applied Economics , 45/18, 2603-2610. Discussion of the content of the articles (in your own words) Articles included in this dairy presents determinants of FDI, first article selected for this paper states several variables such as cultural factors, GDP growth rate, labour laws and endowments, trade agreements, trade openness, availability of resources as factors to FDI inflow. According to research there are intangible firm characteristics such as technology, knowledge, managerial skills that promote FDI. Further, research and development and advertisement also plays significant role in FDI inflows. According to researcher location has been seen as major determinant to market entry in UK market, therefore it is crucial to understanding regional distribution of FDI in UK market. It also includes financial incentive and access to market as motivating factors for FDI inflows. Researchers have also selected specific elements to evaluate their impact on FDI inflows, another article selected for this dairy aims to evaluate impact of country specific sources such as interest rate, exchange rate on FDI inflows, findings of the paper shows strong correlation between real volatility of exchange rate on investment decision or market selection for FDI. Further, interest rate also impact FDI decision by impact the value of investment to be made. Regional analysis also helped in understanding impact of location as an influential element, on the basis of 2000 observations done by the researcher, regional specific specialization hold strong impact on influencing FDI decision and location. This research paper highlights example of London, this region is highly benefitted from immigration, and there is availability of better resource, knowledge and technology which helped in increasing FDI in service sector in this region. Critical review of the content of the articles using academic sources Research on evaluating determinants of FDI based on Bayesian Model Averaging helped in understanding that factors which might look important might not play such vital role in expansion, for example cost, institution system in country, regulation etc., rather factors like GDP-related variables, cultural distance factors and labour endowments impact decision significantly. Government policies plays minimal role in attracting FDI. Factors that impact firms revenue, cost and growth influence selection of region for investment. Different in-depth investigations made through other researches also highlights the same, for example, an increase in supplier access in UK will lead to increase in FDI by 2 percent in Central European regions but 1 percent in eastern European countries. Analysis on different types of FDI in these two markets helped in understanding that Central European countries specialize in upstream industries whereas Eastern European countries are less involved in production p rocess. UK is an established market, companies enter this market to reap benefit of population, high income generation, availability of technology, resources etc. According to research reports, inward FDI is facilitating in increasing job opportunities, in the year 2014 85000 new jobs were created through FDI inflows. It facilitates in increasing investor confidence as it helps in bringing new projects in the market. Government also focuses on ensuring the all sectors get benefitted through these investments, it also facilitates in increasing RD within market. On regional wise analysis, London has highest number of FDI projects in UK. Research was conducted using multinomial logit model and conditional logit model to evaluate factors that impact locational choice for FDI. According to authors, choice of location is planned using three theories which include international business management, international trade theory, and traditional economic geography. This research paper also evaluates the grant effect and shows data to prove diminishing impact of higher grants since 1992. Articles selected for second dairy provides analysis on various external, internal, organization oriented, regulation oriented and resource focused factors that help in growth of business. Different factor analysis shows impact both environmental and internal factors on FDI decision in UK, location for project. Diary Entry 3 Problems encountered by FDI market UK Date of Input 8th March,2016 Reference of the source (Harvard style) Giles, Chris; Cadman, Emily. 2016. Economists forecasts: Brexit would damage growth. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1a86ab36-afbe-11e5-b955-1a1d298b6250.html#axzz42IGJklBr. [Accessed 08 March 16]. Girma, Wakelin, Sourafel, Katharine , 2007. Local Productivity Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in the U.K. Electronics Industry. Regional Science and Urban Economics, [Online]. 37/3, 399-412. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222607178_Local_Productivity_Spillovers_from_Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_the_UK_Electronics_Industry [Accessed 08 March 2016]. Discussion of the content of the articles Articles selected for third dairy include analysis of Brexit on FDI scenario in UK, will it impact the investment inflow adversely in the market. According to article in FT.com recent uncertainties in UK market instigate worrisome environment among investors. There is chaos in the market, investors have fear that such decision might change investment composition in the market, as presently UK is among top three market for FDI, it has high inflow, capital and projects, however analysts says that parting of UK from EU might give advantage to Germany. As UK has high hopes from Chinese markets, so it might shift their interest towards German market. India is another key investor in UK market, which is not showing favourable signs with decision of Brexit. This article imposes questions and warnings on economic condition of UK, whether they should exit from EU, will it be feasible for financial market of UK or not. Another article focuses on challenges encounter in UK market due to increased FDI from international market, there is problem of production spillovers. This article is based on data collected from 48 industries in UK, further this article also states that FDI does not ensure benefit to local firm, degree of benefit depend on ability of the firm. This spillover effect can be on wages, technology, and knowledge sharing also; impact is also dependent on absorbing capacity of the region. Apart from this, FDI also have strong impact on labour market and industry competitiveness. Impact of FDI varies from market to market, depending upon several factors. Critical review of the content of the articles using academic sources Analysis on the first article highlights on importance of Brexit, this is a very dicey decision to be taken by the government. According to various authors, Brexit decision might impact UK productivity adversely. As per economist leaving EU will not be feasible for UK, it will impact medium and long term outlook of the region adversely, around 8 to 9 percent. It will impact stability of the market; there will be decrease in investment due to fear, reduction in household expenditure is also expected. Further, it will also influence foreign exchange market, impact volatility that directly influences FDI decisions from Asian markets. It will also impact choice of international companies as Britain for investment in EU; they will prefer some other regions within EU which will impact capital inflows negatively. There will be less inward migration, as talented workforce from European market helped in UK growth. This decision will impact market competitiveness, freedom, increase risk and sp eculations about UK market. Analysis on other papers and books shows that increasing FDI, if not managed properly might impact local market growth adversely, it is crucial to get benefit from resources brought by capital inflows in the market. Foreign investment is crucial for the market but management need to preserve local welfare first. There is problem of de-capitalization in the market, as it might lead to transfer to profit to host country; however UK being powerful nation, they have strong policies to maintain harmony between investor and home country organizations. During FDI transactions, economy needs to preserve environment, economy and human rights of nationals. Critics state that so call technology transfer might distort economic position of a region, information protection is required. With slowing business, challenging economic scenario, changes can be noticed in investment patterns of Chinese investors in UK. There is fall in non-financial FDI segment in UK. Other barrier to FDI inflow is econom ic market as some industry involve high risk whereas some involve low risk, therefore investment remain uneven in different segments. Present shaken position of the economy is impacting investors confidence adversely; there is need for political and strategic predictability in market. Diary Entry 4 Strategies to ensure future development in FDI inflow in UK Date of Input Reference of the source (Harvard style) Nigel, Max; Driffield, Munday; 2000. Industrial Performance, Agglomeration, and Foreign Manufacturing Investment in the UK . Journal of International Business Studies, 17, 21-37 Wilkinson, Michael. 2016. EU referendum: Mark Carney warns Brexit is biggest risk to Britain's financial stability. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/12187164/eu-referendum-mark-carney-priti-patel-suffragettes-brexit-live.html. [Accessed 08 March 16]. Neumayer, Eric; Spess, Laura. 2005. Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries. [ONLINE] Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/files/67/92729.pdf. [Accessed 08 March 16] Discussion of the content of the articles According to recent article published on telegraph.co.uk there is need for mutual recognition between EU and UK, exit is not right strategy as it will impact financial segment adversely and UK market is predominantly dependent on financial industry for its growth, it might shake economic model of the region and lead to financial crisis. However, such mutual agreements might take long time to accomplish. In case, UK separates from EU will be costly and time taking affair for the region, there will be need for forming new policies which will be costlier as well as time consuming for government. Further, it might create an environment of fear and shock among investors; therefore it is advisable not to opt for brexit presently. To ensure FDI inflows and maintain strong financial position in the market EU also plays significant role, it is not advice for UK to get separated. Another paper aims to evaluate interrelation between competitive advantage provided by the industry and the way it facilitates in attracting FDI inflow in the market. This paper include analysis on various comparative advantages offered by UK market, it include analysis on foreign manufacturing investment in industries and the way agglomeration of different elements provide benefits to both domestic and international firm, it also facilitate in attracting FDI. Third paper presents analysis on bilateral agreements and the way they help in increasing investment flows in the region, as per findings of the paper these agreements help in setting basic standard for treatment to be received in foreign country, help in providing clear idea for dispute settlement, higher number of bilateral agreement help in attracting higher rate of FDI inflows. Critical review of the content of the articles using academic sources There are various articles published that recommends UK not to opt for Brexit as it might impact country conditions adversely. According to Mark Craney, governor of Bank of England states that if UK exits from EU it will surely loose its business, there is needs to safeguard financial and monetary position of the region. Short term financial crisis can be expected through implementation of this decision, therefore government of UK needs to make strategies for strengthening financial position of UK in such a way that if government opt for Brexit then also it can manage its financial stability in the market. Bilateral agreements are proven strategies for ensuring governance and attract investment in the region, this strategy facilitates in providing higher security to countries, lower down market risk. Investment policies plays significant role in attracting investment in the region, it shapes relation between countries, it also establish inter and intra industrial relationship. If UK planned to separate from EU then they need to form new and strong bilateral strategies with other countries in the market, it will help in subsidizing the risk. Government can also plan incentives to attract and retain FDI inflow in the market, there is need to provide security and confidence among investors, which require strategic actions that include providing cost effective opportunities to investors, availability of skilled labourers, availability of resources to investors. Apart from this, tax incentives can be offered to organizations for entering the market, it includes access to duty free areas, co rporate tax relief, provision for new jobs and technological advancements. Another major strategy is to offer cumulative competitive advantage to both domestic and foreign companies so that mutual progress can take place, it will help in increasing FDI inflow as well as encourage domestic firms to integrate with international players. Comparative advantages will also facilitate in strengthening all parties involved in the process. This can be done by clustering of similar types of firms, it will facilitate in increasing total production. This required inward promotion strategies by government, there is need to attract inward investors those are indulge in complementary activities to domestic players. All these strategies will help in improving FDI inflow in UK market. Conclusion Internationalization process is crucial for economic development, it facilitates in business expansion, growth. With globalization and liberalization organizations are entering into international market to expand their business reach, to get access to new market, customers and also to subsidize the risk of depending upon single market. UK is a developed nation with strong economic condition, according to facts there is smooth FDI inflow in the market, in the year 2014 it was worth 48,314,454,024. Major findings from this analysis states that UK has successfully managed to attract FDI inflows from global market, both developed and developing countries entering UK for investment and business purpose. Major determinants to investment include financial incentive, market access. However, decision is significantly influenced by government policies, political stability, labour market scenario etc. Further, Brexit decision is imposing major threat to investment market of UK; it is making inv estor sceptical about future of UK financial industry. Finally, government policies and clarity can help in establishing harmony in the market.

AP Lang Exam Gilded Age Essay Samples

AP Lang Exam Gilded Age Essay SamplesIf you're interested in learning about the English language, taking the AP Lang Exam is the best way to do it. Not only can you take a professional grade test to improve your chances of passing the exam, but you can also read up on the subject and become familiar with its linguistic features.The AP English Language Exam is administered by several different organizations, including the Academic Council for English Language Testing, test institute, and the Association of Public Relations Writing Accreditation Board. This test is widely considered the most important examination you'll ever take in your life. The goal of this test is to determine how much you know about the English language and what you can write as a writer.While the information given during the written portion of the exam is very basic, it's not the only thing you need to know about formal grammar rules and style. In fact, learning these basics is just the beginning. It doesn't matt er if you've been taking tests for years, since the goal is not to take the test a second time.When you learn all the grammatical aspects of the English language, you can then move on to better understanding its vocabulary and other important aspects of writing. The written portion of the exam often focuses on comprehension, but learning each part of it as you go helps you learn everything you need to know about the English language. There are hundreds of excellent AP English Language Exam sample questions you can use to prepare.When you study, you should focus on the English language, so that when you take the exam, you have the most useful information. The test only gives you a small amount of preparation before the exam, but that shouldn't be enough. You should also be aware of the format, as it is very different from the traditional one you learned in high school.The questions will ask you to write about a specific scenario that involves a person, place, or event in some way. Th ese questions are designed to gauge your understanding of the wordings and sentence structures of an English language essay. Remember, the entire exam takes about two hours to complete, so be sure to prepare well ahead of time.After reading through hundreds of test question examples, you'll be ready to answer the questions that are asked during the entire exam. The good news is that there is no wrong answer. All you need to do is be able to give a good English essay example.If you're interested in learning more about the subject, you should review the AP English Language Exam samples. It's easy to find and it's free. You can take a few minutes to read up on the subject and find yourself prepared for the exam.